Essence of concept of integration to fair-mindedness Essay

Essence of concept of integration to fair-mindedness - Essay Example From the research it can be comprehended that, In spite of its significance, executing fair-mindedness sometimes presented enormous challenges to the employees: that is, the nature of intellectual approaches or practices that were supposed to recommend a new applicant for recruitment despite the lesser qualifications of candidates who had been on the waiting list for many years. Concept integration was a challenging task as to the ‘amount’ of each concept should be incorporated in an effort to execute fair-mindedness between applicants who had had immense experience but inferior training and those that were highly trained but had limited experience to show. In view of this, there are several philosophies on fair-mindedness that cast grievous misgivings on its essence as a rational virtue. Regardless, its essence is enticing to contemplate as basically in line with situations revolving around intellectual disagreement, resistance, challenge, or row, and essentially, to si tuations revolving around a disagreement between an individual’s morals, on opposing a position based on logical reasoning as to who should get the green light to join employment. Diestler suggests a fair-minded individual essentially moves beyond his or her own doxastic inclinations in order to offer a fair judgement to the logical opposition. This presented immense challenges to the management team of which I was part of, especially when decision-making was required. Although, fair-mindedness is an essential quality that the organization leadership attempted to uphold, tremendous pitfalls such as balancing the the employment opportunities between poor and rich neighbourhoods presented gaping pitfalls which the management had to tread carefully to maintain professionalism in the organizations who absorbed their workforce from our company; and proper balancing of employment opportunities across the country’s major socio-economic demographics. Fair-mindedness used to be quite involving: for instance, while a modification of the conflict of dealing with only the local employees and employers resulted in acceptable outcomes, especially among individuals who felt they were excluded from the exercise, the organization made it clear that in intended to include human resources from other countries as a strategy of expanding its operations globally within the next decade. While serving in the organization, concept integration manifested in the organizational leadership when different pressing issues relating to employment such as gender, race, qualification, disability, and employee experience was looked into from different perspectives. The recommendation of qualified candidates was based on the monetary loses or benefits that an issue could result in, such as taxation issues, bond issues, rent, and pension schemes. Additionally, the management team explored the long-term expenditures that organizations may

The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay

The Study Of Crime Criminology Essay /The study of crime is an important aspect in criminology as it helps students understand the concepts applied in criminology. Students learn different concepts in criminology. For example, students learn on sources of crime, how different theories are used to explain crime. Also, students learn how to measure crime. Reflecting what one has learned is important as it helps one apply the knowledge acquired and identify major issues in the area of study. Most students find it hard to reflect on what they have learned. This paper analyzes the concept learned in classes so as to demonstrating understanding. Also, the paper will show how to apply the knowledge gained the society. The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. Reflection Measuring crime The chapter focuses on methods of measuring crime and importance of measuring crime. Also, it helps one identify the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. Measuring crime is important as it helps enhance how police officers investigate crimes. Measuring crime reveals the trends in investigation of crimes. It is important to ensure accuracy when measuring crimes. Accuracy helps implement measures to curb crime effectively. This is because the measures are based on valid and reliable data (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). It is difficulty to measure crime in the society as crime is secretive in nature. The chapter measuring crimes helps one understand methods used to measure crime in the society. There are different methods of measuring crime in the society. According to the chapter, criminologists can use surveys, statistical records and self report survey can be used to measure crime. The methods give different results and are used differently. Most people value statistical measures as they provide accurate information on how to measure crime. The government has authorized criminal justice agencies to store information about crimes (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The agencies store details of crimes committed in a database then analyze the information using statistical methods. Most people claim that statistical methods provide accurate results unlike other methods like surveys. Victim survey can be used to measure crime in the society. In victim survey, the police officers measure the degree of criminal behavior by focusing on the victim. Victim surveys method does not provide accurate information as victims may fail to report the crime to the police. In addition, the victim of the crime may lie and this leads to wrong results. Some people disagree with the victim survey method because it is likely to give invalid results. Some people argue that counting the victim of crime is not similar to counting people who have committed the crime. This is because people give different views and this interferes with the accuracy of the results. The method does not measure victimless crimes. For example, police officers do not use survey method to measur e victimless crimes like drug abuse. This interferes with the results and police officers end u0p giving wrong results (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another method used to measure crime, is personal survey. In personal survey, the criminal is allowed to give information about their violation of the law. Police officers ensure confidentiality and privacy so as to encourage the criminal to give accurate information. The method has some weaknesses as the criminal might lie or give a fake description so as to escape conviction (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The type of method to be used to measure crime has become a major issue in the society. This is because the current methods used by law enforcement officers to measure crimes are not effective. Some people do not agree on police officers using statistical methods to measure crime. This is because most crimes are not reported to the police and this interferes with the results provided. People in the society experience various types of crimes. Some are major while others are minor. Major crimes like murder are reported to the police and a law enforcement officer might have enough information on major crime happening in the society. Most minor crimes are not reported as the victims in the society consider them to be of less importance. For example, it is difficulty for people in the society to report crimes like snatching. This implies that law enforcement officers do not have adequate information on minor crimes. This interferes with the results released by the police officers. Thus, m ost people do not agree with statistical methods (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Another issue in the area is accuracy of results and information provided by the criminal. Law enforcement agencies find it difficulty to get accurate information from the criminal. This is because the criminal or the victim might not give correct information. This makes it hard to implement the right measures to curb crime (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The development of criminology theories and production of research in the field is difficulty. This is because criminologists do not have data that is reliable and valid. This has influenced progress in the area of criminology. Hence, the high rate of crimes in the society. For example, governments and law enforcement officers find it hard to enact measures to curb crime. This is because they do not have enough information (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). Further, it has become difficulty to compare the rate of crime internationally. This is because the society has become diverse and the methods used to carry out research are not effective. The methods used to carry out research are not able to cover various items like gender, race, ethnicity etc. The factors differ from one place to another (Maxfield Babbie, 2008). The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime and how the methods used to measure crime work. It has also helped me learn the weaknesses of the methods used to measure crime and how to improve the methods. In addition, the chapter has helped me learn the issues that need to be addressed in the area so as to make prevention of crime effective (Maxfield Babbie, 2008) The criminal agencies should find better ways of measuring crime. They should develop a new system that will be used to measure crime. The system should integrate survey methods and statistical methods together so as to overcome the weaknesses of each method and make the results valid and reliable. The knowledge gathered from the chapter will be applied in criminal agencies to design a new system that produces accurate and reliable results (Siegel, 2009).. Economic, social and cultural sources of crime The chapter analyzes the causes of crime. It analyzes how economic factors, social factors and cultural factors contribute to crime. Identifying cause of crime helps the student apply the knowledge learned in class to control crime in the society. The causes of crime include economic factors, social factors and cultural factors. Economic factors are the major causes of crime. This is because of the gap between the poor and rich. Criminologists have linked poverty with crime. They believe that poverty is the major cause of crime in the society. This is because people do not have enough money or material things to cater for their daily needs. Most people in urban areas and rural areas do not have enough income to sustain themselves. This forces young children and adults to adopt behaviors that are against the societal norms. For example, children and adults in slum areas are likely to involve themselves in crime so as to earn their living. Most people have written theories to explain t he causes of crime in the society. They argue that the disparity between the rich and poor has led to increase in crime as people have to find an alternative method to earn their living. The researchers claim that criminals are influenced by economic factors to steal as they want to bridge the gap between the poor and the rich. Thus, economic factors increase the rate of poverty in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are social sources of crime. Most people agree that social factors contribute to the high rate of crime in the society. This is because family members and peers influence children differently. First, family members can contribute to crime among children. This is because the child spent most time with the parents and family members. In addiction, family actions increase the rate of crime in the society. For example, parental supervision influences young children. Children who do not get parental love and care are likely to indulge in criminal activities. This is because the children are left to move from one place to another. Another social source of crime is harsh punishments. Children who are subjected to harsh punishments are likely to indulge in criminal activities than children who are not subjected to harsh punishments. Harsh punishments create fear in the child and force him to involve in criminal activities. Rejection of the child leads to criminal activities. This is be cause the child does not get proper care and love (Siegel, 2009).. Apart from rejection if the child per pressure contributes to high rate of criminal activities in the society. Most children learn how to commit crime from their friends. Young children are easily influenced by friends who commit major crimes like drug trafficking or killing. Criminologists argue that peer pressure leads to increase in crime rate as the child is not able to avoid the influence from other people. The pressure forces him to commit crime in the society (Siegel, 2009).. There are main issues in the area of sources of crime. First, people differ on the causes of crime in the society. Some think crime is caused by factors like social, economic factors and cultural factors. Others think the factors do not contribute a lot to crime. Most researchers argue that economic factors do not contribute a lot to crime. This is because countries that have good economic growth experience crimes like countries that do not have good economic growth. This implies that other factors work together to cause crime. The researchers claim that reducing the economic gap between the rich and the poor will not reduce the rate of crime in the society. This is because other factors also contribute to high rate of crime in the society. Others argue that social factors and cultural factors cause crime. Social factors like methods of parenting and peer pressure contribute to high rate of crime. The controversy surrounding causes of crime has made it difficulty for criminologist to identify the main causes of crime. This has also affected the efforts to prevent crime in the society (Siegel, 2009). Another issue in the area is the belief held by various people in the society. Criminologists have different views on the sources of crime. Some think criminals are subjected to various factors that force them to commit crime. They argue that criminals are subjected to social factors, economic factors, and cultural factors. Genetic factors also contribute to crime. The difference in opinion has made it hard to control crime in the society. Criminologists do not agree on the causes of crime. One school argues that physical abnormalities contribute to crime while another school emphasizes on environmental, social, economic factors. In order, to prevent crime in the society, the different schools have to agree on the causes of crime (Siegel, 2009). I have learned how social, economic and cultural factors influence people to commit crime. According to the knowledge gathered from the chapter, social, economic and cultural factors have led to increase in crime in the society. This is because people do not understand how the factors influence crime and this has made it hard to prevent crime. In future criminal agencies should identify social, economic and cultural factors and integrate them together to prevent crime. They should educate the society on how to prevent crime by addressing the factors above. The knowledge acquired from the chapter will used to develop new methods of preventing crime that address social, economic and cultural factors so as to prevent crime (Siegel, 2008). Biological and psychological explanation of crime The chapter helps one understand how biological theories and psychological theories are used to explain crime and how they affect prevention of crime. There are various theories that have been developed to explain crime. For example, criminologists and other people have developed theories like biological theories and psychological theories to explain crime. The theories have different views and they influence prevention of crime differently. Advocates supporting biological theories argue that criminals are influenced by biological factors to commit crime. The advocates argue that genetic factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior in the society. According to biological explanation of crime, criminals inherit genetic materials from the parents and the genetic factors force the criminal to commit crime. Criminals have a certain hormones that influence them to commit crime. Psychologists have developed psychological theories to explain crime. They base their argument on the mental di sorders as the major cause of crime. Psychologists believe that people having mental disorders are likely to commit crime than people who do not commit crime. Most people who have been imprisoned have committed crime because of mental disorders. The victims of crime claim that mental disorders influenced them to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). The difference in opinion between the advocates for biological theories and psychological theories has made it difficulty to control crime. It has led to increase in the rate of crime in the society. The controversy has become a major issue as it affects control of crime (Siegel, 2008). From the chapter above, I have learned that several factors should work together for a criminal to commit crime. For example, biological factors and psychological factors force the criminal to commit crime .This has increased my knowledge as I have known what influences criminals to commit crime and why there is high rate of crime in the society (Siegel, 2008). The knowledge gathered from the chapter above will help design new methods to prevent crime in future. The current methods used to prevent crime do not encompass biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime. The methods are only aimed at preventing crime. Criminologists should integrate biological explanation and psychological explanation of crime in the prevention methods. This will make it easy to control crime in the society. Biological factors contribute a lot to criminal behavior and criminologist in future should identify biological factors that cause criminal behaviors so as to prevent crime in the society. Also, criminologists should work together with psychologists to identify psychological causes of crime and identify ways to prevent the factors from influences the person to commit crime. The law enhancement agencies should not be aimed at preventing crime, but they should be aimed at helping people in the society not to commit crime (Siegel, 2008). Conclusion The thesis statement is reflecting the content learned in class and applying the new knowledge in future. The three chapters above have helped me acquire new knowledge. There are various issues identified in the three areas that need to be addressed. First, measuring of crime has become a major issue. This is because the current methods used to measure crime are not effective. The methods do not provide reliable and viable results. Also, accuracy is a major issue when measuring crime as the methods used to measure crime do not ensure accuracy of information collected and results. The chapter has helped me learn how to measure crime, methods used and how to apply them. The cause of crime is a major issue as people differ on the cause of crime. Social, economic and cultural factors are the major causes of crime in the society. The law enforcement agencies should integrate social, economic and cultural causes of crime so as to make prevention of crime effective. Lastly, the biological and cultural explanation of crime has helped me know how crime is related to biological and psychological factors. This will help improve prevention of crime in future. Law enforcement agencies will work on identifying how biological factors and psychological factors influence crime. ÂÂ   ÂÂ  

The Internet :: social issues

The Internet MEMORANDUM Mrs. -----, I understand that some students that have already graduated from College are having a bit of trouble getting their new businesses started. I know of a tool that will be extremely helpful and is already available to them; the Internet. Up until a few years ago, when a student graduated they were basically thrown out into the real world with just their education and their wits. Most of the time this wasn't good enough because after three or four years of college, the perspective entrepreneur either forgot too much of what they were supposed to learn, or they just didn't have the finances. Then by the time they save sufficient money, they again had forgotten too much. I believe I have found the answer. On the Internet your students will be able to find literally thousands of links to help them with their future enterprises. In almost every city all across North America, no matter where these students move to, they are able to link up and find everything they need. They can find links like "Creative Ideas", a place they can go and retrieve ideas, innovations, inventions, patents and licensing. Once they come up with their own products, they can find free expert advice on how to market their products. There are easily accessible links to experts, analysts, consultants and business leaders to guide their way to starting up their own business, careers and lives. These experts can help push the beginners in the right direction in every field of business, including every way to generate start up revenue from better management of personal finances to diving into the stock mar ket. When the beginner has sufficient funds to actually open their own company, they can't just expect the customers to come to them, they have to go out and attract them. This is where the Internet becomes most useful, in advertising. On the Internet, in every major consumer area in the world, there are dozens of ways to advertise. The easiest and cheapest way, is to join groups such as "Entrepreneur Weekly". These groups offer weekly newsletters sent all over the world to major and minor businesses informing them about new companies on the market. It includes everything about your business from what you make/sell and where to find you, to what your worth. These groups also advertise to the general public.

Hnd Judge How the Business and Cultural Environments

HND Business Birmingham Metropolitan College Mathew Boulton Campus Riddle of the day A woman shoots her husband. Then she holds him under water for over 5 minutes. Finally, she hangs him. But 5 minutes later they both go out together and enjoy a wonderful dinner together. How can this be? 3. 3 judge how the business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of a selected organisation This builds to answer; Judge how Lloyds TSB has been behaviour has been affected by political, economic, social, technical, legal, and environmental pressures.Industrial concentration Over the last 100 years the size of firms has generally been increasing. 50 years ago in the UK most shops were privately owned and supplied the local area, however over time larger shops have become more and more important. Tesco for instance is a huge employer in the UK and now serves millions of customers with an estimated one in every seven pounds spent on retail being spent in Tesco, it has now extended well beyond the UK and is operating in many different companies.In 2002 Walmart was the biggest earning firm in the world, with an annual revenue of $219 billion. This was a higher figure than the GDP of many countries. As a general rule different industries are dominated by a smaller number or larger firms. This trend is referred to as industrial concentration. How has industrial concentration been achieved? It has happened in a number of different ways, primarily many of the firms have naturally gained in size, e. g. opened more and more stores, or built bigger and bigger factories.However it has also been achieved through mergers, where firms combine themselves together And By takeover where one firm will buy out another firm Why grow in size? One of the major reasons or advantages of growing in size is to achieve economies of scale. Merger as a method of growth Mergers offer firms a great advantage because over night they can grow substantially, they can become more secure, gain great econ omies of scale and have greater diversity. Case study Barclays In 2003 Barclays Bank was looking for a major European Bank to merge with.It started looking at mergers for three main reasons Barclays had previously been a target for a takeover, by being a larger organisation it is a lot harder to become a target for takeover The bigger it becomes the greater the economies of scale it could gain It allowed Barclay’s access to European markets, far more easily than setting up its own branches abroad. Merging gave Barclays overnight access to a large customer base that was already established, additionally it gave Barclays technical experience of Europe.What economies of scale do you think Barclays gained from expanding abroad? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Vertical mergers Vertical mergers are mergers of firms in the same chain of production, for example a brewer merging with a farmer (producing the raw ingredients hops) or a brewer merging with a pub. Both of these are examples of vertical mergers because they are in the same chain of production e. g. eer The brewer merging with the farmer would be a vertical backwards merger, because the brewer is merging with someone at an earlier stage in the production chain. From the farmers point of view merging with the brewer would be a forward vertical merger, because he is merging with someone at a later stage of production. Motives for vertically backward mergers Firms can gain a number of advantages by vertically merging backwards these might include Economies of scale Guaranteed supply Not supplying competitors without knowledge (might mean not supplying any competitors) Motives for vertically forward mergersMost manufacturers never sell directly to t he public, they rely on retailers to do it for them, by merging with a retailer demand for your product is guaranteed. You can stop your competitors products being stocked (or controlling them, e. g. charging a higher price for them Key factors in a merger Both firms must feel they are gaining from it, they must both feel they are gaining more control Horizontal mergers A horizontal is where firms at the same stage of production merge. These firms usually produce the same goods and are usually at least to some extent in direct competition with each other.Motives for horizontal mergers Greater efficiency, for example getting rid of duplicated management roles Greater use of staff, under-utilised staff might be used at another plant or location Greater control of the market Greater combined buying power, therefore gain economies through bulk buying. Job saving, redundancies almost always follow mergers, and this creates cost savings for the new organisation Eliminate competition; what better way to eliminate a competitor than to merge with them, this helps reduce down competition and mean price competition is reduced. We have seen how governments may oppose this) Increase market share, you will gain new customers, possibly in locations where you didn’t have any before Examples of horizontal mergers P & O and Stena Line merged in November 1997 saving 1000 out of a combined workforce of 5000 Commercial Union and General Accident merged, the merger caused nearly 3000 redundancies Lateral mergers Lateral mergers are where two firms that are at the same stage of production, but where the products do not directly compete. For example a brewery with a soft drinks manufacturer. The products are likely to be sold in the same places, e. . shops, restaurants, pubs etc, but they do not compete directly against each other. They do not lure each other customers away. So a pension company (Scottish Widows) merged with Lloyds TSB, they didn’t compete directly agai nst each other, but they were in a related market. Reasons for lateral mergers Economies of scale can be gained, but one of the major reasons will be to have a wider range of customers in more diverse markets. Both firms will have access to customers they didn’t have before. The new firm only gains in customers from the combined companies E. Lloyds TSB could access customers from Scottish Widows, and Scottish Widows had access to a lot more customers than it had before at Lloyds TSB. Conglomerate mergers This is a merger where the two firms have nothing in common, for example a brewery and a washing machine manufacturer. The two have nothing in common Reasons for conglomerate mergers Some economies of scale can be gained, but mostly it is risk bearing that is the major drive, both firms are more likely to be secure in the new form where they have a combined much wider range of products over possibly a much wider area Case study The merger of Carlton and GranadaIn 2003, Carlto n and Granada TV companies announced their intention to merge and form a firm worth about ? 4. 1 billion. It was estimated that the new company would control about 50% of the television advertising market. Advertisers and media agencies both expressed their fears over the potential creation of a single airtime sales house if the two existing houses owned by the two companies combined. The Competition Commission decided that an investigation was in order, and they produced a 456 page report into the proposed merger. What are the benefits for the two companies in merging? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Why was the Competition Commission so concerned over the merger? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Multinational corporations Perhaps an inevitable consequence of industrial concentration was the multinational corporation. These are firms that have extended beyond their native counties and have become global organisations, that in many cases are worth many billions. Why have they grown? Beyond economies of scale there are other advantages, a firm might be nearer its customers, be able to modify its product and not have to pay import duty. Other advantages can include lower labour costs i n other countries Lower production costsBeing closer to raw materials (therefore transport costs are reduced) Growth of multinationals There has been a rapid increase in multinationals from 7000 in 1970 to 40,000 in 1995. More than half of multinationals come from five counties United States, Japan, Germany, France and the Netherlands By going global many of these firms have been able to expand hugely, some are economically more significant then small countries. Exxon for instance has comparable economic size to Chile BP which is the UK’s largest multinational is placed as being more economically significant than Cuba, or UruguayConcerns about multinationals Many people are concerned over multinationals, concerns include Power they have over many governments due to their size Some have been accused of exploiting cheap labour They control many of the planets resources, e. g. gas and oil is largely controlled by a number of multinationals. Financing growth Not only can firms ga in money to grow from the traditional routes of borrowing money from banks, they can also gain revenue from rights issues and venture capital. Rights issuesIf a firm is expanding it may well look to its existing shareholders to help finance that growth Rights issues allow shareholders to buy new shares in the company in proportion to what they already own, usually at a better price. So if a firm was planning to expand shareholders will be contacted and asked to see if they want new shares in this new venture, shareholders will be offered preferential rates (it is usually seen as a reward for shareholders) The firm gains extra revenue, but with a huge advantage that it doesn’t need to pay the money back (like a bank loan) If a shareholder wants to get their money back they will sell the shares.Both firm and shareholder can see it as a good option, hence forth it is a popular way to raise revenue. Venture capital Venture capital firms, or individuals will look to see if they ca n get a good bargain. This is very much want the Dragons on Dragon’s Den aim to do. Venture capital firms will inject money into the firm, but often will gain a significant share of the business as part of the deal. They may well want to have directors positions and may also want some kind of control in the business. This is not always a bad thing for the business, where the new company can gain valuable management help from the venture capital firm.Venture capital investment can happen at a number of different stages Seed investment; providing at the very earliest stage, possibly before a product has been fully realised Early stage investment; helping a firm in its opening stages, which can quite often be a difficult time for a business Expansion and later stage financing; helping a more mature company to expand Turnaround financing; helping failing firms to regain themselves Joint ventures Joint ventures are very similar to mergers, this will be where two firms form a separ ate division or new company.It will be financed and staffed by both companies, it might be used for instance for one firm trying to break into a new market, or a new country. By using a joint venture a company might gain all the experience of another firm, adding to its own advantages. However no upheaval or loss of staff. Outsourcing This is where an individual or another firm carries out some of the operation of the business, for example carries out the cleaning services carried out at the organisation. The firm gains by using outsourcing by Saving money that it doesn’t have to spend on training staff There are no recruitment costsThere are no issues with redundancies or sacking of staff because they are employed by another company The firm can start a new service very quickly by using outsourcing By outsourcing it may be easier to get the experts needed. The firm wont have to worry about covering staff absences, the firm doing the contracted outsource work will have to wor ry about it instead. It can offer a quick and cheaper alternative (because there are no recruitment costs etc) to employing staff at the firm It is very good if the service is only needed in the short term. Technology and innovationResearch and development is very expensive and doesn’t always work. However if it does work it can offer the firm huge advantages offering a new product or service that wasn’t available before. Because of copyright, many of these products will remain exclusive to the firm. Research and development is effectively another economy of scale, because usually only the large firms can afford it, and can afford it when it goes wrong. It is usually just major corporations that carry out research and development. Top 11 research and development companies 2002 1 Ford 2 General motors Siemens 4 Daimler Chrysler 5 Pfizer 6 IBM 7 Ericsson 8 Motorola 9 Matsushita Electric 10 Cisco 11 GlaxSmithKline Looking at the above firms, what are the main areas that r esearch and development is carried out for? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Why do you think these areas have a lot of research and development carried out in them? †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Labour market trends A very important consideration for businesses is the state of the labour market. A higher rate of unemployment gives a firm an advantage to pick suitable workers from a wider pool. The bigger the choice the easier it is for them to get the right member of staff, and significantly without increas ing wages. As the pool of workers reduces down so it is harder to get the right worker.On a similar basis the skills of the workforce are also very important, many positions in firms may require significant training. Proportion of managers with qualifications 2003 | All| Men| Women| Degree or equivalent| 48%| 55%| 39%| Higher education| 38%| 44%| 33%| A – level equivalent| 23%| 25%| 18%| GCSE or equivalent A – C| 17%| 22%| 13%| Looking at the above figures what doe it suggest is the trend between managerial position and qualification †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Generally the UK government realises the need of UK business for a more skilled workforce. This was behind the labour parties policy of encouraging high er education amongst the population and encouraging modern apprenticeships. However this has still not been enough. Many firms have looked outside of the UK for skilled workers at a lower cost. Additionally with the growth of communications technology it is easier for firms to employ members of staff in other countries. PEST of Lloyds TSB Lloyds Banking Group plc is a financial services group based in UK.It was initially known as Lloyds TSB Group plc and covers 40 countries in the world. However, its primary market is UK and it operates in three verticals namely, retail banking, wholesale and international banking and insurance and investments. The Lloyds Banking Group plc acquired the Halifax Bank of Scotland plc or the HBOS on January 16th this year (Company Profile par. 1) The subprime crisis which started in the US had its effect on those countries whose financial companies were participating in the US based risky financial instruments.UK was one of those countries and approxima tely around November 2007 the banking sector saw the unfurling of a major crisis (Caine). $323 billion was the amount of total assets write-down and credit loss in the world’s top 100 banks till May 2008. Amongst these, UK banks were also present; HBOS had a loss of $5. 9 billion while RBS or Royal bank of Scotland lost $15. 2 billion (Onaran). Due to the subprime and credit crisis towards the end of 2008 UK went into recession and since then the crisis has deepened. This is evident from the fact that the UGK GDP has declined further by 1. % in the period between January- March 2009. This has also been the sharpest decline since 1979. It is being predicted that the fall in GDP would be even more than 3. 5%, which was the common estimation among experts last year. The IMF has also predicted that the UK economy would decline by 4. 1% in 2009 (Monaghan par. 1, 3, 5, 13). But in comparison to other EU members the UK economy is in a slightly better condition. Yet public finances w ill be in a very bad condition in comparison to its EU member states. Also, the country’s government deficit is predicted to be amongst the worst in EU for the next year (Giles, par. , 2, 10). Macro economic forecasts by different agencies have also predicted a depressing picture for the economy in the near future. GDP growth is predicted to be less than 0. 5% in 2010 while the Retail Price Index inflation is going to be between 2% to 2. 5%. Consumer Price Index inflation on the other hand is predicted to be at 1. 5%. Current account for 2010 would be at least -? 26 billion by April (Forecasts for the UK economy 12-13). http://mb atermpapers. om/an-analysis-of-lloyds-tsbs-current-strategic-position-part-i/ PESTEL Analysis of the Banking Crisis and Royal Bank of Scotland POLITICAL There are numerous entities comprising RBS’s political arena, including but not limited to: The Bank of England (BOE), BOE’s Monetary Policy Committee, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Fin ancial Services Authority (FSA), HM Treasury, HM Treasury’s UK Debt Management Office, UK Financial Services and Markets Tribunal (which provides judicial review of the FSA), and Treasury Select Committee (which reviews HM Treasury’s activities).Each entity influences RBS’s ability to compete in a highly regulated sector. Each entity’s influence originates from their ability to sway and/or enact legislative acts which envelope RBS’s investment activities, reporting procedures, costs of capital, international participation and horizontal and/or vertical integration. The overall political mood of these government entities during the current banking crisis inculcates numerous feelings and perspectives, including but not limited to such attitudes as   i). angst about available credit to businesses and consumers; ii). repidation towards watchdog groups like rating agencies and government inspectors; and iii). worry concerning free market capitalism an d the nationalization of key industrial sectors. Immersed in such a political atmosphere, RBS’s expectations include augmented publicly scrutiny regarding loan portfolios and lending activities, even greater banking regulation, increased governmental activities such as inspection parameters and enhanced reporting requirements. RBS’s political arena is struggling to recompense constituents for the government’s inability to stave off volatility despite huge expenditures of taxpayer dollars.RBS will identify trend lines in each governmental entity in order to position each entity into a governmental landscape attempting to redefine itself as a public body capable of ascertaining significant risks to the economy. By analyzing the decisions of entities like the BOE, FSA, UK Financial Services and Markets Tribunal, and Treasury Select Committee – RSB may fully assess the country’s political framework, the direction being taken by the government on a per entity basis and the ramifications upon the socio-economic canvas.One political activity is the HM Treasury’s establishment of the Bank Recapitalization Fund and the UK Debt Management Office’s 2008 Credit Guarantee Scheme. These programs are part of the Government’s attempt to stabilize the financial system and to protect and promote confidence in depositors, borrowers and other clients of RBS and other financial institutions. Under these programs the government will possess the capacity to set RBS’s dividend policies and bonus schemes. It will also require RBS to support lending to small businesses and home owners. Moreover, in October 2008 the HM Treasury purchased approximately ? billion in RBS preference shares[1], for which RBS will have to pay approximately ? 600m per annum. The government also underwrote a ? 15 billion share issue for Royal Bank of Scotland – as a result of which the government gained a 58 percent stake in the company. The performance of RBS’s Corporate and Global Banking divisions – in an atmosphere inundated with public and private institutions who failed to ascertain an accurate picture of the credit markets and banking industry – may be expected to benefit from funds made available from HM Treasury’s programs.Regarding the FSA, it has been perceived by some to be relatively weak and ineffective. FSA behavior is often criticized as being reactive rather than proactive. Some banking experts assert the FSA has allowed irresponsible banking and the FSA’s ineptitude may have precipitated the credit crunch. Indeed, the public acquisition of Northern Rock in mid-February 2008, and the takeover of HBOS by Lloyds TSB are key indicators that the FSA may have failed to oversee with insight and expertise.Once recent activity is that in September 2008, the FSA announced a ban on short selling to reduce volatility in difficult markets, including financial institutions. Another recent activity is the FSA’s Consultation paper entitled ‘Financial Services Compensation Scheme reform’. Published in January 2009, the paper recommends that a potential seven-day time limit, after the collapse of their account providers, for paying out to depositors could be imposed on the Financial Services Compensation Service (FSCS) in future.FSA also recommended a simplification for the eligibility parameters for depositors and for the processes of account providers transferring their customers’ information on the FSCS. ECONOMIC: The economic state of the nation will propel RBS towards activities based on reduced GNP growth, reduced demand for credit, decreases in consumer confidence and reductions in revenue sourced from interest rate spreads. However, clients in RBS’s Wealth Management division may realize long term gains if the market is currently near the bottom and grows in the future.With historical lows in interest rates and a monetary policy flooding the banking sector, RBS may capitalize upon low costs of capital and potential increases in the demand for credit. However, due to the economic climate, RBS is expected to be substantially risk averse and may avoid the tried and true real estate market. Large and small businesses seeking working capital, companies seeking merger financing and product development financing are potential opportunities for RBS given the current real estate climate.RBS’s may be expected formulate strategic merger opportunities, gravitate towards a greater risk averse position, raise capital through selling assets and increase the quality of its capital base. RBS may sell assets like its 10% stake in Bank of China[2]. The RBS has also placed t its near-1,000 pub estate up for sale, as it looks to improve its balance sheet with cash holdings[3]. RBS is also poised to cut around 3,000 jobs from its Global Markets investment banking division. 4] Moreover, RBS will compete in an econo mic climate experiencing increases in unemployment. The company’s layoffs are indicative of the financial sector reducing payrolls in order to streamline operations and enhance profitability. However, the economy’s overall increases in unemployment may facilitate a corresponding increase in small business start ups such that RBS may make loans to unemployed workers attempting to start their own firms.Per the aforementioned real estate situation, housing prices experienced a plunge of approximately 16 per cent last year, the biggest annual drop on record and RBS is poised for another turbulent year in real estate investment activities. The fall during 2008 established a current average house price at ? 153,048,   down ? 20,000 since December 2007[5]. However, in a discounted real estate market, RBS may facilitate real estate investors seeking long term gains and may also conduct businesses unrelated to real estate i. e. manufacturing, technological, agricultural, and health care.SOCIAL Social aspects of the credit crisis include, but are not limited to: career attitudes, consumer confidence, and worries regarding pensions. Career attitudes may be improved if RBS campaigns for unemployed workers to attempt to start their own small business. Consumer confidence may increase if RBS markets the low costs of capital for borrowers. And worries regarding pensions may be alleviated by RBS’s Wealth Management division and subsequent campaigns emphasizing investments in staple sectors, emerging markets and firms experience above average growth.TECHNOLOGICAL The aforementioned FSA’s Consultation paper entitled ‘Financial Services Compensation Scheme reform’ also recommends Britain’s banks spend approximately ? 1bn on upgrades for information technology systems. The proposed IT investment facilitates a bank’s capacity to produce a list of all customers’ deposits within 48 hours of the institution failing. This may support the FSCS’s ability to ensure that bank customers get their money back within seven days.Such a system may also limit the risk of a collapse of confidence from spreading. Furthermore, technological variables like software platforms based on data mining, neural networks, risk analysis and algorithms scanning financial criteria may offer RBS the tools necessary to optimize networks, maximize knowledge procurement and minimize data absence such that assets, liabilities, expenses and revenue streams are analyzed, assessed and reported upon in order to alert management on significant changes and/or potential problems. LEGALRBS confronts numerous legal issues, including but not limited to: securities law, bank note regulation, separation of lawful matters centered on England and Scotland, country specific regulatory committees and a trade structures negotiated separate from England. RBS is poised to capitalize on the Scottish reputation for developing a wealthy nation s uch that, the concomitance of national legal frameworks may expedite innovation, facilitate the discovery of economic tools and promote a banking sector that leads the international economy into a more efficient, less volatile and improved transparency framework.By immersing itself in the legal framework of both regions, RBS may reap insight into the legislation the behind domestic economy and participation in an international marketplace. ENVIROMENTAL Several groups assert that RBS is one of the world’s top financing sources for oil and gas extraction. Allegations that RBS is funding oil and gas extraction in politically and environmentally sensitive regions and further entrenching dependence on oil and gas. These believes have resulted in campaigns against RBS   Protests have taken place at some RBS and Natwest branches in the UK.RBS supplies financial services to firms constructing coal-fired power stations and developing new coal mines at sites all over the world. RBS i s accused of helping billions of pounds over the last two years to E. ON, and other companies emphasizing coal. On 17 January 2008 environmental groups wrote to RBS hoping to resolve environmental problems associated with the ABN AMRO-financed Sakhalin II project (RBS, Fortis and Banco Santander acquired ABN AMRO in 2007).RBS’S green holdings may alleviate these antagonistic positions while also offering investment returns in industries experiencing relatively positive growth rates. As alternative energy becomes a viable source for transportation and electricity, RBS may identify and locate potential businesses (whether small businesses or conglomerates) that offer above average yields. Further, RBS may spearhead the banking industry’s emphasis on alternative energy in a marketplace poised to replace oil even during a banking crisis.Industrial Analysis: Current Market Forces in Banking Sector There are several forces operating in the banking sector. A few of these are related to the current crisis and others are constant parts of the banking sector. Such forces include, but are not limited to: i). a demand for reform; ii). a supply of private money (whether publicly financed or not) that has experienced a constraining shift in risk adversity; iii). a nationalization of private sectors; iv). uncertain alterations of capital standards; v). ossible shifts in portfolio risks; vi). homeowner and depositor protection; and vii). possible prioritization of small and medium sized business. These demand and supply issues are drivers of change. Other drivers of change include regulatory bodies, private organizations and competitors within the banking industry. As alterations in portfolio risks shift capital, changes in specific industries may occur. For example, an influx of capital into alternative energy alongside a reduction in real estate investment may fuel energy independence.As alterations in capital standards occur, banking companies are expected to change attitudes towards riskier loans. And as small and medium sized enterprises become a priority, the may be changes in the rate of innovation, the effect of small transactions and general economic data like unemployment or personal consumption. A banking sector’s industrial analysis would note that banking has existed so long that ascertaining the whole sector’s position in the life cycle is rather difficult.However, the sector is experiencing a nationalization, which in turn reverts back to antiquated stages of the sector’s life cycle. On the other hand, banking could be poised to accelerate its position in its life cycle due to the current economic crisis i. e. necessity is the mother of invention and the banking sector may invent methods to draw the economy out of the current crisis MADEAN2. WORDPRESS; http://madean2. wordpress. com/business/swot-pestel/ (2012) http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=1cV-R26kMrU&feature=related

Theo 104

Ivory Russell April 15, 2012 Theo 104 It seems as though in today’s age and time that Satan’s existence is more real and prevalent not only among society, but among Christians, as well. But, it isn’t the talk of Satan that is alarming so much as the type of attention and talk that he is receiving. Our modern day society has transformed him from being the evil, factual being that we know him as into a sinister, more humors fictional character used to make ‘great’ movies and entertainment. Producers are making a living out of Satan’s character.One of the most well known movies depicting this is Little Nicky. It depicts Satan preparing to retire from ruling Hell and trying to decide which of his three sons will take over the throne. But, when Satan decides to go ahead and keep the throne two of his children leave Hell to create their own version of Hell on earth; landing in New York City these two brother possess the political leaders of the city , freeze the gates of Hell to keep souls from going to their father, and create chaos among the mortals if New York.The movie ends with Satan’s youngest son, Nicky, saving the day, and defeating his brothers so that all of the souls, once again, can return to Satan himself. This movie is considered a comedy and opened at #2 in the North American box office. As disturbing as the film industry’s portrayal of Satan may be, it isn’t too surprising to me. What I find to be surprising, but even more so frightening, is the fact that ‘Christians’ are falling into this same trap. There are a few Christians who will speak out against such media and portrayal, but the majority will sit silently amongst themselves and simply just ‘not watch such things. But even still, there are Christians who actually believe Satan to be fictitious. In 2009, Barna done a survey indicating that 6 out of 10 Christians believe Satan to be a symbol of evil rather than a livi ng being. That is 6 out of 10 too many! But, what is the real nature of Satan? Is he really just a symbol of evil and a fictitious being? Do today’s society and film producers know something that we, as Christians, do not? The Bible says, ‘How are thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! How are thou cut down to the ground, who didst weaken the nations! Isaiah 14:12 God’s word very clearly identifies Satan as being a real being. Not a fictitious character, but rather a real, living being capable of speaking and deceiving. Satan was originally in Heaven, created as an angel. He was living with God, until pride entered into his heart and he schemed to become like God. ‘I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the most High. ’ Isaiah 14:14 Because of the sin of pride, and because there is no room for sin in Heaven, he was kicked out along with those who followed and rebelled with him. Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. ’ Isaiah 14:15 Surely, if Satan were fictitious God would not have described him as a real being capable of making real decisions resulting in real consequences. Satan is not only an ‘angel gone bad,’ but a being capable of knowing, learning, deceiving, and twisting the word of God. Though evil, he is intelligent. This is supported through his ability to memorize Scripture, and twist it to what he wants it to mean.He was even able to use his knowledge of God to tempt Eve in the Garden. ‘†¦And he said unto the woman, Yea, hath God said, Ye shall not eat of every tree of the garden?†¦ God hath said, ye shall not eat of it, neither shall ye touch it. And the serpent said unto the woman, Ye shall not surely die:’ Genesis 3:1-4 Satan not only is capable of knowing what God’s word says, but is capable and will do all that he can to twist it and lead you astray. Satan is an imitator of God. His desire to be a s God is what caused him to be kicked out of Heaven.Though Satan has failed in his efforts to be like God, and though he knows he will never win against God, he still tries. You can look all around the world today and see evidence of Satan’s imitations. Men have allowed themselves to be open to such duplications that they no longer see them as Satanic or evil, but as a religion of their own. In Satan’s quest to be like God he has influenced men to the point that they have constructed their own church for him and mocked the Christian bible with their very own Satanic ‘bible. ’ Satan has even produced his own versions of prophets.But, unlike God’s prophets, these ‘prophets’ will create confusion among people, teach them false doctrines, and bring them false hopes. ‘But there were false prophets also among the people, even as there shall be false teachers among you, who privily shall bring in damnable heresies, even denying the Lord that brought them, and bring upon themselves swift destruction. And many shall follow their pernicious ways; by reason of whom the way of truth shall be evil spoken of. ’ 2 Peter 2:1-2 The Bible so unmistakably reveals Satan as a true being. Satan is real just as Christ, Himself, is real.He not only is the symbol if all things evil, but is the author of all things evil. But, if Satan is real why are Christians having so many doubts of his existence? And, if Satan is evil why are producers portraying him as something so completely different? The answers to these questions lay in the fact that Satan has done what he does best†¦deceive! ‘Be sober, be vigilant; because yours adversary the devil, as a roaring lion, walketh about, seeking whom he may devour. 1 Peter 5:8 By deceiving the nations, Satan is trying his best to defeat God.Satan thinks that by creating false doctrines and providing artificial ‘salvation’ he is keeping souls from coming to Christ. And though his deception is keeping souls from coming to Christ he is still the one who is defeated. The fact that the media is trying to portray Satan as something not to be feared, and the fact that so many Christians are being deceived, believers in Christ should be taking a stand; a stand against Satan and a stand against false doctrines. Because, ‘apart from total dependence upon God, we cannot win the victory over the devil. ’

A Missionary Who Transformed a Nation Essays

A Missionary Who Transformed a Nation Essays A Missionary Who Transformed a Nation Essay A Missionary Who Transformed a Nation Essay Essay Topic: Charlotte Temple When Englishman William Carey ( 1761–1834 ) arrived in India in 1793. it marked a major milepost in the history of Christian missions and in the history of India. Carey established the Serampore Mission- the first modern Protestant mission in the non-English-speaking world- near Calcutta on January 10. 1800. 1 From this base. he labored for about a one-fourth century to distribute the Gospel throughout the land. In the terminal his victory was dramatic. Through his foolproof love for the people of India and his relentless run against the religious forces of evil ( Eph. 6:12 ) . India was literally transformed. Asiatic historian Hugh Tinker summarizes Carey’s impact on India this manner: And so in Serampore. on the Bankss of the river Hooghly. the chief elements of modern South Asia- the imperativeness. the university. societal consciousness- all came to visible radiation. 2 Who was William Carey? He was precisely the sort of adult male that the Lord seems to please in utilizing to carry through great things ; in other words. the sort of individual that most of us would least anticipate. He was raised in a little. rural English town where he received about no formal instruction. His main beginning of income came through his work as a shoemaker ( a cobbler ) . He had an awkward. homely visual aspect. holding lost about all his hair in childhood. Upon his reaching in India and throughout his old ages at that place. he was harassed by British settlers. deserted by his mission-sending bureau. and opposed by younger missional recruits who were sent to assist him. Despite these reverses. he became possibly the most influential individual in the largest outstation of the British Empire. 3 Carey didn’t go to India simply to get down new churches or put up medical clinics for the hapless. He was driven by a more comprehensive vision- a vision for discipling the state. Carey saw India non as a foreign state to be exploited. but as his heavenly Father’s land to be loved and served. a society where truth. non ignorance. needed to govern. 4 He looked outward across the land and asked himself. If Jesus were the Lord of India. what would it look like? What would be different? This inquiry set his docket and led to his engagement in a singular assortment of activities aimed at lauding God and progressing His land. Following are high spots of Carey’s work described in Vishal and Ruth Mangalwadi’s outstanding book The Legacy of William Carey: A Model for the Transformation of a Culture. 5 Carey was horrified that India. one of the most fertile states in the universe. had been allowed to go an uncultivated jungle abandoned to wild animals and snakes. Therefore he carried out a systematic study of agribusiness and campaigned for agribusiness reform. He introduced the Linnaean system of works organisations and published the first scientific discipline texts in India. He did this because he believed that nature is declared good by its Creator ; it is non Maya ( semblance ) to be shunned. as Hindus believe. but a capable worthy of human survey. Carey introduced the thought of nest eggs Bankss to India to contend the all-pervasive societal immorality of vigorish ( the loaning of money at inordinate involvement ) . He believed that God. being righteous. hated this pattern which made investing. industry. commercialism. and economic development impossible. He was the first to run for humane intervention of India’s Hansens disease victims because he believed that Jesusâ €™ love extends to leprosy patients. so they should be cared for. Before so. lazars were frequently buried or burned alive because of the belief that a violent decease purified the organic structure on its manner to reincarnation into a new healthy being. He established the first newspaper of all time printed in any Oriental linguistic communication. because he believed that above all signifiers of truth and religion. Christianity seeks free treatment. His English-language diary. Friend of India. was the force that gave birth to the social-reform motion in India in the first half of the 19th century. He translated the Bible into over 40 different Indian linguistic communications. He transformed the Bengali linguistic communication. antecedently considered fit for lone devils and adult females. into the first literary linguistic communication of India. He wrote gospel laies in Bengali to convey the Hindu love of music to the service of his Lord. He began tonss of schools for Indian kids of all castes and launched the first college in Asia. He desi red to develop the Indian head and emancipate it from darkness and superstitious notion. He was the first adult male to stand against the ruthless slayings and widespread subjugation of adult females. Womans in India were being crushed through polygamy. female infanticide. child matrimony. widow combustion. mercy killing. and forced illiteracy- all sanctioned by faith. Carey opened schools for misss. When widows converted to Christianity. he arranged matrimonies for them. It was his relentless. 25-year conflict against widow combustion ( known as sati ) that eventually led to the formal forbiddance of this atrocious spiritual pattern. William Carey was a innovator of the modern Christian missional motion. a motion that has since reached every corner of the universe. Although a adult male of simple beginnings. he used his God-given mastermind and every available agencies to function his Creator and light the dark corners of India with the visible radiation of the truth. William Carey’s ministry in India can be described as wholistic. For something to be wholistic. it must hold multiple parts that contribute to a greater whole. What is the whole to which all Christian ministry activities contribute? Through an scrutiny of Christ’s earthly ministry. we see that the whole is lauding God and progressing His land through the discipling of the states ( Matt. 24:14 ; 28:18–20 ) . This is God’s big agenda- the chief undertaking that he works through His church to carry through. If this is the whole. so what are the parts? Matthew 4:23. high spots three parts: sermon. instruction. and mending. Because each portion is indispensable to the whole. let’s expression at each one more carefully. Preaching includes proclaiming the gospel- God’s gracious invitation for people everyplace to populate in His Kingdom. have their wickednesss forgiven. be spiritually reborn. and become kids of God through religion in Christ. Procla iming the Gospel is indispensable to wholistic ministry. for unless lost and broken people are spiritually reborn into a life relationship with God- unless they become a new creation ( 2 Cor. 5:17 ) - all attempts to convey hope. healing. and transmutation are doomed to neglect. Peoples everyplace need their relationship with God restored. yet prophesying is merely one portion of wholistic ministry. Teaching entails teaching people in the foundational truths of Scripture. It is associated with discipleship- helping people to populate in obeisance to God and His Word in every country of life. In Matthew 28:20 Jesus tells His adherents to teach [ the states ] to obey everything I have commanded you. Unless trusters are taught to obey Christ’s bids. their growing may be hindered. Colossians 3:16 says. Let the word of Christ dwell in you richly as you teach and admonish one another with all wisdom. Mending involves the touchable presentations of the present world of the Kingdom in the thick of our pain and broken universe. When Jesus came. He demonstrated the present world of God’s Kingdom by mending people. The blind receive sight. the square walk. those who have leprosy are cured. the deaf hear. the dead are raised. and the good intelligence is preached to the hapless. was Jesus’ study to His cousin John the Baptist in Matthew 11:4–5. Jesus didn’t merely prophesy the good intelligence ; He demonstrated it by mending all signifiers of brokenness. Unless ministry to people’s physical demands accompanies evangelism and discipleship. our message will be empty. weak. and irrelevant. This is peculiarly true where physical poorness is rampant. The apostle John admonishes. If anyone has material ownerships and sees his brother in demand but has no commiseration on him. how can the love of God be in him? Dear kids. allow us non love with words or lingua but with actions and in truth ( 1 John 3:17–18 ) . Here’s a image of the basic elements of a biblically balanced. wholistic ministry: First. there are multiple parts- preaching. instruction and healing. These parts have distinguishable maps. yet they are inseparable. All are indispensable in lending to the whole. which is lauding God and progressing His Kingdom. Last. each portion rests on the solid foundation of the scriptural worldview. In other words. each is understood and implemented through the basic presuppositions of Scripture. In drumhead. sermon. instruction and healing are three indispensable parts of wholistic ministry. whose intent is to progress God’s kingdom on Earth as it is in heaven ( Matt. 6:10 ) . Without these parts working together seamlessly. our ministry is less than what Christ intends. and will miss power to transform lives and states. To grok the nature and intent of wholistic ministry. two constructs must be understood. First is the comprehensive impact of humanity’s religious rebellion. Second is that our loving. compassionate God is soon blossoming His program to deliver and reconstruct all things broken through the Fall. When Adam and Eve turned their dorsums on God in the Garden of Eden ( Gen. 3:1–6 ) . the effects of their wickedness were lay waste toing and far-reaching ; they affected the really order of the existence. At least four relationships were broken thro ugh the Fall. First. Adam and Eve’s intimate relationship with God was broken ( Gen. 3:8–9 ) . This was the primary relationship for which they had been created. the most of import facet of their lives. When their relationship with God was broken. their other relationships were damaged excessively: their relationship with themselves as persons ( Gen. 3:7. 10 ) . with each other as fellow human existences ( Gen. 3:7. 12. 16 ) . and with the remainder of creative activity ( Gen. 3:17–19 ) . The existence is elaborately designed and interwoven. It is wholistic. composed of multiple parts. each of which depends on the proper operation of the others. All parts are governed by Torahs established by God. When the primary relationship between God and humanity was severed. every portion of the original harmoniousness of God’s creative activity was affected. The consequences of this comprehensive brokenness have plagued humanity of all time since. War. hatred. force. environmenta l debasement. unfairness. corruptness. devotion. poorness and famine all spring from wickedness. Therefore. when God set out to reconstruct His creative activity from the across-the-board effects of man’s rebellion. His redemptional program could non be little or narrow. concentrating on a individual country of brokenness. His program is non limited to salvaging human psyches or instruction or even mending. Rather. it combines all three with the end of reconstructing everything. including each of the four broken relationships described above. Colossians 1:19–20 provides a image of God’s wholistic redemptive program: For God was pleased to hold all his comprehensiveness dwell in [ Christ ] . and through him to accommodate to himself all things. whether things on Earth or things in Eden. by doing peace through his blood. shed on the cross. ( Emphasis added ) God is delivering all things. Through Christ’s blood our wickednesss are forgiven and our family with God is renewed. And non merely that- we besides can see significant mending within ourselves. with others. and with the environment. The Gospel is non merely good intelligence for after we die ; it is good intelligence here and now! The undertaking of the church is to fall in God in His large docket of reconstructing all things. We are Christ’s embassadors. called to the ministry of reconciliation ( see 2 Cor. 5:18–20 ) . In the words of Christian vindicator Francis Schaeffer. we should be working on the footing of the finished work of Christ. . . [ for ] significant healing now in every country where there are divisions because of the Fall. 6 To make this. we must foremost believe that such healing can be a world here and now. in every country. on the footing of the finished work of Christ. This healing will non be perfect or complete on this side of Christ’s return. yet it can be existent. evident. and significant. Preaching. instruction. and significant healing in every country where brokenness exists as a consequence of the Fall- in kernel. wholistic ministry- is the vision that Christ had and modeled for us on Earth. It was the vision that set the docket for William Carey in India. It is the vision that should put the docket for our ministry every bit good. When Jesus sent out His adherents on their first missional journey. He sent them out to prophesy the land of God and to mend the sick ( Luke 9:2 ) . Yet today it’s common for Christian ministries to divide the twin ministry constituents. Some focus entirely on prophesying. evangelism. or church planting. while others focus on run intoing the physical demands of the broken or impoverished. Typically these two groups have small interaction. This division is non what Christ intended. By concentrating on one to the exclusion of the other. ministries are limited and uneffective in conveying about true. permanent transmutation. The Bible provides a theoretical account of ministry where sermon. instruction. and mending are. in the words of Dr. Tetsunao Yamamori. functionally separate. yet relationally inseparable. 7 Each portion is distinguishable and deserves particular attending and focal point. Yet the parts must work together. Together they form a wholistic ministry that is both powerful and effective- a ministry able to transform lives and full states. The work of William Carey in India gives historical testimony to this fact. Harmonizing to theologian David Wells. sermon. instruction. and mending must be inextricably related to each other. the former being the foundation and the latter being the grounds of the working of the former. There is a narrative told about the topic of the undermentioned study which may be repeated here by manner of debut. It is said that long after he had attained to fame and eminence in India. being Professor of oriental linguistic communications in the college of Fort William. honoured with letters and decorations from royal custodies. and able to compose F. L. S. . F. G S. . F. A. S. . and other symbols of differentiation after his name. he was dining one twenty-four hours with a choice company at the Governor-General’s. when one of the invitees. with more than questionable gustatory sensation. asked an aide-de-camp nowadays. in a whisper loud sufficiency to be heard by the professor. whether Dr. Carey had non one time been a cobbler. No. sir. instantly answered the physician. only a shoemaker! Whether he was proud of it. we can non state ; that he had no demand to be ashamed of it. we are certain. He had out-lived the twenty-four hours when Edinburgh referees tried to heap disdain on consecrated cobblers. and he had established his right to be enrolled amongst the nobility of acquisition and philanthropic gift. Some 50 old ages before this incident took topographic point. a visitant might hold seen over a little store in a Northamptonshire small town a sign-board with the undermentioned lettering: Second-hand Shoes Bought and Sold. WILLIAM CAREY. | The proprietor of this low store was the boy of a hapless headmaster. who inherited a gustatory sensation for acquisition ; and though he was consigned to the plodding of repairing boots and places. and was even so a sickly. care-worn adult male. in poorness and hurt. with a delicate and unsympathising married woman. he lost no chance of geting information both in linguistic communications and natural history and taught himself pulling and picture. He ever worked with vocabularies and classics unfastened upon his bench ; so that Scott. the observer. to whom it is said that he owed his earliest spiritual feelings. used to name that store Mr. Carey’s college. His gustatory sensations - we ought instead to state God’s Providence - shortly led him to open a village school ; and as he belonged to the Baptist community. he combined with the office of headmaster that of a sermonizer in their small chapel at Moulton. with the pantie wage of ?16 a twelvemonth. Strange to stat e. it was whilst giving his day-to-day lessons in geographics that the fire of missional ardor was kindled in his bosom. As he looked upon the huge parts depicted on the map of the universe. he began to chew over on the religious darkness that brooded over so many of them. and this led him to roll up and collate information on the topic. until his whole head was occupied with the absorbing subject. It so happened that a assemblage of Baptist curates at Northampton invited a topic for treatment. and Carey. who was present. at one time proposed The responsibility of Christians to try the spread of the Gospel amongst pagan states. The proposal fell amongst them like a bombshell. and the immature adult male was about shouted down by those who thought such a strategy infeasible and wild. Even Andrew Fuller. who finally became his great protagonist. confessed that he found himself ready to cry. If the Lord would do Windowss in Eden. might this thing be? But Carey’s zeal was non to be quenched. He brought frontward the subject once more and once more ; he wrote a booklet on the topic ; and on his rem otion to a more of import station of responsibility at Leicester. he won over several influential individuals to his positions. It was at this clip ( 1792 ) he preached his celebrated discourse from Isaiah 54:2. 3. and summed up its instruction in these two of import statements: ( 1 ) Expect great things from God. and ( 2 ) Attempt great things for God. This led to the formation of the Baptist Missionary Society ; and Carey. at the age of 33. proved his earnestness by volunteering to be its first courier to the pagan. Andrew Fuller had said. There is a gold mine in India ; but it seems every bit deep as the Centre of the Earth ; who will venture to research it? I will travel down. responded William Carey. in words neer to be forgotten. but remember that you must keep the rope. The financess of the Society amounted at the clip to ?13 2s 6d. But the main troubles did non originate out of inquiries of finance. The East India Company. sharing the green-eyed monster against missional attempt. which. alas! at that clip was to be found amongst the main solons of the kingdom. and amongst archpriests of the Estab lished Church every bit good as amongst Nonconformist curates. were opposed to all such attempts. and no 1 could put his pes upon the Company’s district without a particular licence. The missional party and their luggage were on board the Earl of Oxford and the ship was merely ready to sail. when an information was laid against the captain for taking a individual on board without an order from the Company. and forthwith the riders and their goods were hurriedly put on shore. and the vas weighed ground tackle for Calcutta. go forthing them behind. defeated and disheartened. They returned to London. Mr. Thomas. who was Carey’s comrade and brother missionary. went to a coffee-house. when. to utilize his ain linguistic communication. to the great joy of a bruised bosom. the server put a card into my manus. whereon were written these vitalizing words: A Danish East Indiaman. No. 10. Cannon Street. ’ No more cryings that dark. Our bravery revived ; we fled to No. 10. Cannon Street. and found it was the office of Smith and Co. . agents. and that Mr. Smith was a brother of the captain’s ; that this ship had sailed. as he supposed. from Copenhagen ; w as hourly expected in Dover roads ; would do no stay at that place ; and the footings were ?100 for each rider. ?50 for a kid. and ?25 for an attender. This of class brought up the fiscal trouble in a new and aggravated signifier ; but the generousness of the agent and proprietor of the ship shortly overcame it. and within 24 hours of their return to London. Mr. Carey and his party embarked for Dover ; and on the 13th June. 1793. they found themselves on board the Kron Princessa Maria. where they were treated with the extreme kindness by the captain. who admitted them to his ain tabular array. and provided them with particular cabins. The hold. singularly plenty. removed one of Carey’s main troubles and declinations. His married woman who was physically lame. and whose lack in regard to moral dauntlessness was afterwards distressingly accounted for by 12 old ages of insanity in India. had positively refused to attach to him. and he had accordingly made up his head to travel out entirely. She was non with him when he and his party were all of a sudden expelled from the English ship ; but she was so shaped upon by all that had occurred. every bit good as by renewed prayers. that with her sister and her five kids she set canvas with him for Calcutta. Troubles of assorted sorts surrounded them upon their reaching in India. Poverty. febrilities. mourning. the sad unwellness of his married woman. the green-eyed monster of the Government. all combined to render it necessary that for a piece Carey should betake himself to an employment in the Sunderbunds. where he had frequently to utilize his gun to provide the wants of his household ; and finally he went to an indigo mill at Mudnabully. where he hoped to gain a support. But he kept the expansive undertaking of his life clearly in position ; he set himself to the acquisition of the linguistic communication. he erected schools. he made missional Tourss. he began to interpret the New Testament. and above wholly he worked at his printing imperativeness. which was set up in one corner of the mill and was looked upon by the indigens as his God. Carey’s feelings at this clip with respect to his work will be best expressed in the undermentioned transition from a missive to his sisters: I know non what to state about the mission. I feel as a husbandman does about his harvest ; sometimes I think the seed is jumping. and so I hope ; a small clip blasts all. and my hopes are gone like a cloud. †¦ I preach every twenty-four hours to the indigens. and twice on the Lord’s Day invariably. besides other itinerant labors ; and I try to talk of Jesus Christ and Him crucified and of Him entirely ; but my psyche is frequently dejected to see no fruit. And so he goes on to talk of that section of his labor in which his greatest accomplishments were finally to be won: The work of interlingual rendition is traveling on. and I hope the whole New Testament and the five books of Moses may be completed before this reaches you. It is a pleasant work and a rich wages. and I trust. whenever it is published. it will shortly predominate. and put down all the Shastras of the Hindus. †¦The interlingual rendition of the Scriptures I look upon to be one of the greatest desiderata in the universe. and it has consequently occupied a considerable portion of my clip and attending. Five or six old ages of patient unanswered labor passed by. and so four extra laborers were sent out by the Society to Carey’s aid. Two of them will neer be forgotten. and the names of Carey. Marshman. and Ward will of all time be inseparably linked in the history of Indian missions. Ward had been a pressman ; and it was a expression of Carey’s. addressed to him in England. that led him to follow a missionary’s life: We shall desire you. said he. in a few old ages. to publish the Bible ; you must come after us. Marshman had been an helper in a London book-shop. but shortly found that his concern at that place was non to his gustatory sensation. as he wished to cognize more about the contents of books than about their screens ; so he set up a school at Bristol. mastered Grecian and Latin. Hebrew and Syriac. and became comfortable in the universe ; but he gave up all to fall in Carey in his baronial endeavor. and furthermore. brought out with him. as a assistant in the mission. a immature adult male whom he himself had been the agencies of change overing from unfaithfulness. Marshman’s married woman was a cultivated adult female. and her boarding school in India brought in a good gross to the mission exchequer. His girl married Henry Havelock. who made for himself as great a name in the military annals of his state as his celebrated father-in-law had won for himself in the missional history of the universe. The covetous and unchristian policy of the East India Company would non let the freshly arrived missionaries to fall in their brethren. and they were compelled to seek shelter under a foreign flag. Fortunately for the cause of missions. a colony had been secured by the Danes at Serampore. some 16 stat mis up the river from Calcutta. and it now proved a metropolis of refuge to Englishmen who had been driven from district which owned the British sway. The governor of the settlement. Colonel Bie. was a expansive specimen of his race ; he had been in early yearss a student of Schwartz. and he rejoiced in cognizing that the male monarchs of Denmark had been the first Protestant princes that of all time encouraged missions amongst the pagan. He gave the exiled missionaries a generous welcome a nd once more and once more chivalrously resisted all efforts to strip them of his protection. declaring that if the British Government still refused to approve their continuation in India. they should hold the shield of Denmark thrown over them if they would stay at Serampore. Carey determined. though it was accompanied with personal loss to himself. to fall in his brethren at Serampore. and the mission shortly was organized in that topographic point. which became. so to talk. the cradle of Indian missions. It possessed many advantages: it was merely 60 stat mis from Nuddea. and was within a hundred of the Mahratta state ; here the missionaries could prophesy the Gospel and work their printing imperativeness without fright. and from this topographic point they could go through under Danish passports to any portion of India. There was a particular Providence in their coming to Serampore at the clip they did ; for in 1801 it passed over to English regulation without the fire of a shooting. They were shortly at work. both in their schools and on their sermon Tourss. Populating on plain menu and working for their staff of life. they went forth betimes in braces to prophesy the word of the life God. now in the streets or in the bazars. now in the thick of paga n temples. pulling crowds to hear them by the Sweet anthem which Carey had composed in the native lingua. and ask foring enquirers to the mission-house for farther direction. The first convert was baptized in the same twelvemonth on the twenty-four hours after Christmas. His name was Krishnu. He had been brought to the mission-house for medical alleviation. and was so influenced by what he saw and heard. that he resolved to go a Christian. On interrupting caste by eating with the missionaries. he was seized by an angered rabble and dragged before the magistrate. but to their discouragement he was released from their custodies. Carey had the pleasance of executing the ceremonial of baptism with his ain custodies. in presence of the governor and a crowd of indigens and Europeans. It was his first recompense after seven old ages of labor. and it shortly led the manner to other transitions. Amongst the remainder. a high-caste Brahmin divested himself of his sacred yarn. joined the Christian ranks. and preached the religion which he one time destroyed. Krishnu became an efficient assistant and built at his ain disbursal the first topographic point of worship f or native Christians in Bengal. Writing about him twelve old ages after his baptism. Carey says. He is now a steady. avid. intelligent. and I may add facile curate of the Gospel. and preaches on an mean 12 or 14 times every hebdomad in Calcutta and its vicinity. But we must turn from the other labourers and the general work of the mission to brood upon the particular work for which Carey’s gustatory sensations and makings so laudably fitted him. We have seen that his bosom was set on the interlingual rendition and printing of the Scriptures and to this from the beginning he sedulously devoted himself. On the 17th March. 1800 the first sheet of the Bengali New Testament was ready for the imperativeness. and in the following twelvemonth Carey was able to state. I have lived to see the Bible translated into Bengali. and the whole New Testament printed. But this was far from being the terminal of Carey’s endeavor. In 1806. the Serampore missionaries contemplated and issued proposals for rendering the Holy Scriptures into 15 oriental linguistic communications. viz. . Sanskrit. Bengali. Hindustani. Persian. Mahratta. Guzarathi. Oriya. Kurnata. Telinga. Burman. Assam. Boutan. Thibetan. Malay. and Chinese. Professor Wilson. the Boden Professor of Sanscrit at Oxford. has told us how this proposal was more than accomplished: They published. he says. in the class of about five-and-twenty old ages. interlingual renditions of parts of the Old and New Testament. more or less considerable. in 40 different idioms. It is non pretended that they were familiar with all these signifiers of address. but they employed competent indigens. and as they themselves were Masterss of Sanscrit and several common idioms. they were able to steer and oversee them. In all this work Dr. Carey ( for the grade of Doctor of Divinity had been bestowed on him by a erudite university ) took a prima portion. Possessed of at least six different idioms. a thorough maestro of the Sanscrit. which is the parent of the whole household. and gifted besides with a rare mastermind for philological probe. he carried the undertaking. says the professor. to as successful an issue as could hold been expected from the delimited modules of adult male. And when it is remembered that he began his work at a clip when there were no aid or contraptions for his surveies ; when grammars and lexicons of these idioms were unknown. and had to be constructed by himself ; when even manuscripts of them were scarce. and printing was absolutely un known to the indigens of Bengal. the work which he non merely set before him. but complete. must be admitted to hold been Herculean. Frequently did he tire out three initiates in the twenty-four hours. and to the last hr of his life he neer intermitted his labor. The undermentioned apology for non prosecuting more extensively in correspondence will be read with involvement. and allowed to be a sufficient 1: - I translate from Bengali and from Sanscrit into English. Every proof-sheet of the Bengali and Mahratta Scriptures must travel three times at least through my custodies. A lexicon of the Sanscrit goes one time at least through my custodies. I have written and printed a 2nd edition of the Bengali grammar and gathered stuffs for a Mahratta lexicon. Besides this. I preach twice a hebdomad. often thrice. and attend upon my collegial responsibilities. I do non advert this because I think my work a load - it is a existent pleasance - but to demo that my non composing many letters is non because I neglect my brethren. or wish them to discontinue composing to me. Carey was by no means a adult male of superb mastermind. still less was he a adult male of warm enthusiasm ; he had nil of the sentimental. or bad. or inventive in his temperament ; but he was a adult male of untiring energy and never-say-die doggedness. Troubles seemed merely to develop the one and to increase the other. These troubles arose from assorted quarters. sometimes from the resistance of the pagan. sometimes from the hostility of the British Government. sometimes. and more distressingly. from the mistakes or indiscreetness of the Society at place ; but he neer was dismayed. On the contrary. he gathered statements for advancement from the resistance that was made to it. There is. he